Round The World
New Delhi, 3 November 2023
Religion & Violence
AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
By Dr D.K. Giri
(Secretary General, Assn for
Democratic Socialism)
There are verses in the Bible
(Ecclesiastes 3:7-8) which prescribe war. The Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin
Netanyahu quoted the Bible while justifying the ongoing war Israel has
unleashed on Hamas following the savage terrorist attack by Hamas on 7 October.
It is in order that we read those verses, “There is a time to tear apart and a
time to sew together. There is a time to be silent and a time to speak. There
is a time to love and a time to hate. There is a time for war and a time for
peace.”
Similar tenets can be found in other
world religions that can be interpreted to legitimise war or any kind of
violence. In Hinduism, the great epic Mahabharata is primarily the description
and justification of war between righteous and the evil what is called ‘Dharmayudha’.
In Islam, it is jihad which means a holy war waged as a religious duty against
the infidels.
In popular terms, many Islamic
fundamentalists resort to violence against the so-called enemies of Islam.
Hamas, Islamic jihadists in Gaza are precisely following this doctrine. Hamas
Covenant comprising 36 articles all of which promote the basic Hamas goal of
destroying the state of Israel through jihad, the Preamble of the Covenant
states that, “Israel will exist and will continue to exist until Islam will
obliterate it, just as it obliterated others before it.”
In India, bombs exploded on 29
October in a religious convention of Jehova Witness (JWs). Over 2000 people had
gathered in a small town in Kerala to pray and listen to sermons. Quite
unbeknown to them, the bombs suddenly went off killing two worshippers and
injuring over 40 of them. A former Witness who disagreed with the strictly
orthodox interpretation of the Bible which makes them boycott elections,
forsake any activity driven by nationalist symbols or spirit, refuse blood
donation etc. The person triggering the bombs thought the Witnesses were a
threat to and a burden on the country. Hence, he wanted to eliminate them. A
section of the press was attributing the explosion to Hamas. It is not worth
speculating. Investigations are underway.
The lesson to draw from the above
instances is the challenge of placing religion in public life and international
relations. The next step is to establish India’s perspective on religion in governance
and internationalism so that we could conduct our diplomacy and articulate
reactions to religious violence in our country and across the world.
Under Marxism, the dominant belief
was to push religion completely into the backburner of governance. Karl Marx
had famously said that “religion is the opium of the people”. In European
democracies, religion played a predominant role as churches controlled the
state until they were separated organically from each other. In India, it was
called secularism which meant for the state, equal respect to and equal
distance from all religions. Whether that strategy is practicable is a matter
of debate. I have written consistently that it was not. Secularism in India
came to be understood as anti-religion which would not appeal to the public.
People simply could not give up their religious practices or utterances.
Martin Luther King was at ease with
the rhythms of the pulpit and he used Biblical language to supreme effect. As a
clergyman and the son of a Baptist pastor, he was entitled to do so. But it
does not always sit comfortably with others. The UK Prime Minister Tony Blair
was embarrassingly messianic. President Obama’s religious assertions were not
so vapid, they reflected a mission. Perhaps the most infamous use of a word
with religious subtext in recent years was when President George W Bush
deployed crusade after the attack of 9/11 to describe the war on terrorism. Indian
political leaders use religious metaphors in most of their speeches. The trend
has become more evident in recent times.
The question that arises is whether
politics is a secular business or a sacred trust. In fact, it could be both.
Mahatma Gandhi displayed the combination of the two in his lifetime. The only
departure or rider to Gandhian approach to religion could be identifying the
mediating principles when religion and politics collide. Mahatma Gandhi was
essentially a pluralist. While affirming his abiding faith in Hinduism, he
respected, accommodated, and even embraced the practices of other religions.
Remember, the multi-faith prayers in
his meetings. And the famous words that define his multi-religious approach, “I
do not want my house to be walled in on all sides and my windows to be stuffed.
I want the culture of all lands to be blown about my house as freely as
possible. But I refuse to be blown off my feet by any.”
Let us elaborate the critical need
of mediating principles in resolving the conflict between religions and
politics, which is causing sporadic violence across the world. We need not take
the Marxist approach of derecognising religion. That is not practical. We also
could not embrace the theocratic approach which is based on faith and multiple
interpretations. Someone critically defined faith as ‘the ability to believe in
something you know is not the case’. So, without verifiable evidence one could
not formulate plans on the basis of faith.
Look at the interpretations and
divisions of perspectives in all religions. In India, Christians constituting
2.5 per cent of population have over 200 denominations; Muslims are bitterly
divided mainly between Shias and Sunnis, there are Bohras, Ahmedias and so on. Hindus
again do not have a single text and have multiple Gods, several castes. So, no
religion has a single perspective.
In such a context of religions, how
can it ever become the base for nation building? We have seen Pakistan
splitting away from India on account of religious difference; Muslims creating
their own state. Why did then Pakistan split and Bangladesh emerge as a
separate country? The war between Israel
and Hamas has to be seen from a religious angle and countries react
accordingly. It is clear from the statements made by both parties and
objectives scanned from their manifestoes, that the fight is a religious one
not about territory. That is dangerous and should be called out.
Then we accept the premise that
religion should not be the basis of governance or statehood, but it is an
inalienable part of human life. There is a provision of human right enshrined
in the United Nations Declarations which is called ‘Freedom of Religion and
Belief’ (Article 18 of UDHR).So, we must defend it. But whenever a religious or
any belief conflicts with politics defined by the Constitution of the country,
the latter should prevail. That is the mediating principle. The Constitution of
a country that reflects the acceptance and aspirations of each individual
citizen, each faith group, non-believers should be supreme. The political
leaders and citizens must be wary of this mediating principle while conducting
and managing religions. ---INFA
(Copyright, India News & Feature
Alliance)
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