Open Forum
New Delhi, 24 August 2022
Flood Fury
HOLISTIC STRATEGY VITAL
By Dhurjati Mukherjee
Every monsoon season brings with it headlines of flash floods,
landslides and the number of people killed or rendered homeless. Floods are
most lethal in India as these account for over 40 percent of deaths out of all
natural disasters. These are also the costliest among disasters, accounting for
around 70 percent of economic losses caused by all disasters. Between 1980 and
2017, India experienced 235 floods, which led to 126,286 deaths and affected
1.93 billion people. The economic losses due to floods stood at a humongous
$58.7 billion.
Moreover, estimates reveal that around 45.35 million hectares of land is
vulnerable to floods. It has been found that as per the variable of ‘liable to
flood prone area as a percentage of State geographical area’, Punjab is most
prone (over 80 percent) flowed by Bihar (73 percent), Haryana (53 percent) and
Assam (48.7 percent). The population fatality by floods is the highest in Uttar
Pradesh followed by Bihar, Gujarat and Assam with Manipur witnessing the lowest
number. However, in recent years, Assam and the north-eastern states have been
witness to high levels of inundation.
This year also heavy rainfall has been affecting north-eastern India,
particularly in the States of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, and Meghalaya since
early May, triggering landslides and causing river overflow and floods that
have resulted in casualties and damage. Media reports indicate several
fatalities due to floods and landslides. About 40,000 persons have been
displaced to relief camps, while over 197,000 people have been affected. 12
relief distribution centres have also been opened up. Rescue operations are being
carried out by National and State Disaster Response Forces (NDRF & SDRF),
Fire and Emergency Services and local population.
Not just in the North-East but several other states such as Gujarat,
Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand not to speak of Maharashtra’s capital Mumbai
have witnessed heavy rainfall and a flood-like situation. But surprisingly
there has been deficient rainfall in West Bengal and Odisha. Obviously, climate
change has made this possible as flood prone areas are suffering due to
deficiency in rainfall, while drought prone regions are witnessing heavy
rainfall. As of 3 August, the death toll reached 1,354 across India, as
reported by the National Emergency Response Centre (NDMI). The worst affected
States are: Himachal Pradesh (with 232 fatalities), Assam (199), Madhya Pradesh
(162), Gujarat (119) and Maharashtra (112).
It needs to be mentioned here that the major flood prone regions in
India are Punjab, Haryana, most of the Gangetic plains,
including UP, North Bihar and West Bengal, the Brahmaputra valley,
coastal Andhra Pradesh and Odisha, and southern Gujarat. Now-a-days Kerala
and Tamil Nadu also feel the fury of the floods. In September 2014, the Kashmir
region witnessed disastrous floods. In June 2013, a multi-day cloudburst
centred on the northern state of Uttarakhand, caused devastating floods and
landslides in its districts caused by torrential rainfall.
The major factors causing floods are obviously meteorological factors such
as heavy rainfall, tropical cyclones and cloud burst, physical factors such as
large catchment area, and inadequate catchment area and, of course, human
factors like deforestation, siltation, faulty agricultural practices, bursting
and overflow of dams and, accelerated urbanisation.
Coming to the question of impacts of floods, it is a well-known fact
that this affects the poorer and marginalised sections of society, mainly
residing in rural areas. These include: one, destructions of human settlements
as millions are rendered homeless with serious consequences on the national
economy and society; two, destruction of valuable crops almost every year as
also damaging physical infrastructure such as roads, rails, bridges etc; and three,
spread of diseases like cholera, gastroenteritis,
hepatitis and other water-borne diseases spread in the flood-affected areas.
However, one cannot deny that floods make a few positive contribution as
floods deposit fertile silt over agricultural fields, which helps in soil
fertility.
In the NDMA Act, 2005, the responsibilities to act and provide relief flow
from the Centre to the bottom (local governance bodies). This means that in a
disaster situation, the uniformed forces that go down to the site for relief
and response works, which may not be familiar with terrain, find it necessary
that local self-governance bodies, such as panchayats, aware of both the area
and people much better, would give a helping hand.
With that in mind, after the 2018 Kerala
floods, the state government saw the need to alter its disaster management
governance. In January 2020, under the Rebuild Kerala Initiative, the state government
passed an order for the “preparation of disaster management plans by local self-government
institutions”. Reports reveal that including these disaster plans into
Gram Panchayats’ Annual Plans has been completed successfully. They are
currently gearing towards another round of listing down their projects for
relief and response, along with mitigation and flood-proofing activities for their
villages.
It needs to be understood that over the years, floods, landslides and
other natural disasters have led to more refugees than from all the wars we
have fought. Thus, though with the advancement of technology such as satellite
and remote-sensing equipment, flood waves are being tracked as the water level
rises, evacuation and proper rehabilitation is not being successfully carried
out.
Therefore, the focus of an effective strategy should be on mapping of
flood prone areas to give proper indication of water flow during floods and
land use control, thereby reducing the danger of life and property, when the
waters inundate the flood plains and the coastal areas. At the same time, authorities
should strictly monitor that no major development should be permitted in the
areas which are subjected to high flooding.
The other aspect that needs consideration and which is being neglected
is decreasing the amount of run-off with the help of reforestation. Flood
diversion includes levees, embankments, dams and channel improvement. Dams can
store water and can release water at a manageable rate. But the failure of dams
in earthquakes and operation of releasing the water can cause floods in the
lower areas. The other aspect is flood proofing measures,which are already
under way. As drainage system is generally choked by the construction of roads,
canals, railway tracks etc. there is a need to restore floods to the original
form of drainage system.
Finally, to mitigate the impact of floods,
there is a need for States to devise long-term disaster management policies.
While flood forecasting systems need further accuracy, specially in low-lying
areas, this needs to reach the rural population. The government should spend
more on flood prevention and mitigation measures. Another crucial area is river
connectivity and construction of multipurpose cyclones and flood shelters in
low lying areas that help mitigate the loss of lives from floods. Finally, States
should undertake designed disaster management plan, which is marked by regular
meetings at the highest level to evaluate disaster preparedness, construction
of multipurpose fold shelters and undertaking district-wise Flood Inundation
Mapping. A holistic approach to lessen the impact of floods is critical.---INFA
(Copyright, India
News & Feature Alliance)
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