Spotlight
New Delhi, 16 June 2022
Fact-Checking
MEDIA MUST BE OBJECTIVE
By Sabina Inderjit
The famous quote ‘facts are sacred, but
comment is free,’ by British journalist CP Scott, founder of what is The
Guardian today in the UK, is more relevant than ever before in these times
of bitter competition and proliferation of websites and digital media
overtaking the traditional print journalism globally. The need for objectivity,
impartiality and balance in journalism is a bigger challenge for media
professionals today, amidst the current climate of fake news, misinformation or
disinformation.
Sadly, the basics of good journalism are
increasingly getting eroded in this era of cut-throat competition and a new
genre of journalists. Verifying facts prior to publication or putting on
websites are being given a go-by, impacting the right of citizens to make an
informed decision.
Further, the internal procedures adopted by
newspapers and magazines for verifying facts as in the early 1920s to ensure
objectivity prior to publication, it is said are on the decline due to economic
crisis.
At the same time, external fact checking, as
per Fact-Checking as Idea and Practice in Journalism” by Oxford
Research Encyclopaedia of Communication, has become prevalent over the past
two decades with the growing number and visibility of websites
dedicated to debunking falsehoods circulating online or repeated by
politicians and other public figures.
In particular, fact-checking is an effort to
combat public misinformation. The digital media environment also raises
“new questions for journalists about whether to report, and how to
corroborate, online rumours or reports from citizens during breaking news
events…”. Fact-checking outlets, which specialise in evaluating claims
from politicians, journalists, or other public sources have proliferated online
in the new millennium. According to an annual census of such
groups, as of February 2018, 149 non-partisan fact-checking operations
were active in 53 different countries.
Over the past decade, fact-checking sites
have been launched by both journalists and civil society groups around the
world; Europe and South America emerged as early hubs, while Asia, Africa,
and the Middle East have seen more growth in the past several years. The growth
of global fact-checking operations grew by nearly 100 per cent from 2014 to
2019, according to a recent census by the Duke University Reporters’ Lab. The
census found 342 global fact-checkers in the world this year, compared to 277
in 2018 and, despite a slow-down in the last two years, the numbers are still
growing.
The Covid-19 pandemic has put a sharper focus
on ‘fact-checking’ and it has been accepted that it is critical to the media to
limit spread of disinformation. Election reporting is another area which has
thrown up challenges to get the focus right-- as in to provide citizens with
access to all facts, opinions and ideas in the campaigns so they make the right
choice and not get carried away by false claims or statements, which every
candidate inevitably indulges in and now more so on social media. Additionally,
growing nationalism, populism and disinformation has made it more imperative to
separate the wheat from the chaff. Even social network sites are getting wiser
and have become cautious against misuse of their platforms for spreading fake
news and have fact-checkers in place.
The International Federation of Journalists
has noted: As the phenomenon of ‘fake news’ becomes more widespread, it’s essential
for media professionals to have the right tools needed to face its hazards.
Investigative journalism goes hand in hand with fact checking, especially when
facts that can be key to public interest are often buried and inaccessible.
The media, be it print, broadcast or digital,
needs to gain the trust of its readers and viewers. Journalists need to
reiterate their commitment to be accurate and true as possible and guard
against getting carried away by misinformation online or unverified news by
rivals. Fact-checking organisations growing globally must be seen as a warning that
standards are falling. Examples in the two largest and biggest democracies in
the world can be ominous signs.
International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN),
an umbrella organisation which monitors trends in fact checking, provides
training resources and hosts a yearly conference #GlobalFact. It aims to
promote best practice in fact checking and provide a place for collaboration
between fact checkers worldwide. It’s catchline: “Bad information ruins lives.
It promotes hate, damages people’s health, and hurts democracy. You deserve
better.” Poynter Institute in Florida also houses the Pulitzer Prize-winning Politifact
which is the largest political fact-checking news organisation in the US, which
has published over 16,000 fact-checks of politicians and pundits.
India too is witnessing the scrouge of fake
news, which has prompted mushrooming of fact-checking organisations. FactChecker.in is
India’s first dedicated Fact Check initiative, based out of Mumbai. Since early
2013, it has been “scrutinising and researching for veracity and context,
statements made by individuals in public life.” Besides, picking up on issues
where ‘there is a strong need to examine data that is in public domain.’ It
says: “We do not like adjectives, we do not like opinion. Emotion is not our
thing. Data are. Facts are. Reportage is.” It has sections such as ‘Modi-Fied”,“Modi’s
Report Card” among others.
Boom, an independent
digital journalism initiative to fight misinformation, explains issues and makes
the internet safer by providing readers journalistically verified facts. Alt
News seeks to reach out to communities as “the majority is still unaware
that there is something called fact-checking.” Factly, aims to strive to
transform the public information landscape in India by “improving access &
understanding of the common public about important government data/information
and evolve into a reliable and significant resource in the context of public information
& governance.”
Social Media Hoax Slayer came up as it says:
In last few years, Social Media having a wider reach and faster, started
polluting human minds by anti-social elements, wrong doers, pranksters etc.
Several lies are so sugar coated that one never even attempts to use ‘Common
Sense’ and ultimately gets affected. Our country may get different
leaders/Prime Ministers but till the people can’t have unbiased, logical mind,
getting rid of the tag ‘Third World Country’ is a far cry.” It’s goal: “To
achieve cleaner, logical, unbiased Indian minds free of religious and political
extremism.”
The growing wave of fact-checking
organisations isn’t a good omen. Misinformation or fake news is giving
governments handle to bring in laws to come down heavily on independent media
under its garb. Media houses and journalists need to watch out and make amends.
Rather than laws, self-regulation is a better option. India is witnessing
stricter policies such as ‘IT (Guidelines for Intermediary and Digital Media
Ethics Code) Rules 2021.’ It has been challenged on grounds of impacting independent
functioning of digital/online media. DIGIPUB News India Foundation, an association
of 11 digital news media publishers, aim is to “represent, amplify and evolve
best practices to build a robust digital news ecology that is truly
world-class, independent and upholds the highest standards of journalism.”
It notes: “We oppose all attempts by
organisations to reduce the media space by promoting fake news and using digital
platforms for trolling, spreading hatred between communities and the people.” An
“internal committee” provides its members “industry-wide level of
self-regulation.”
Indeed, self-regulation is gaining ground. Unlike
the print media, which is regulated by Press Council of India Act 1978, with
objective of “preserving the freedom of the press and to maintain and improve
the standards of newspapers and news agencies”, there is ‘self-regulation’ by
news channels. The News Broadcasters Association, established in 2008 with aim of
“fostering high standards, ethics, and practices” has constituted National
Broadcasting Standards Authority (NBSA) and has ‘Code of Ethics &
Broadcasting Standards’ as a model for self-regulation to avoid content that is
“malicious, biased, regressive, knowingly inaccurate, hurtful, misleading or
aimed at wilfully concealing a conflict of interest”. It can ‘warn, censure, or
express its disapproval’ against the broadcaster and in some cases can even prescribe
a fine.
In print media, a number of media houses are
opting for an ‘Ombudsman’ for self-regulation. While this is welcome, much would
depend on effectiveness and acceptability. Media must stick to thumb rule of
being accurate and objective. Else be prepared to get increasingly ‘checked’ by
governments, other than fact checkers doing their job. --- INFA
(Copyright, India
News & Feature Alliance)
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