Events
& Issues
New Delhi, 24 February 2022
Receding
Pandemic
CONTINUING
LESSONS TO LEARN
By Moin
Qazi
The great relief we are now experiencing from the
receding ravage of the pandemic has several lessons to offer.The development of
the rural economies in developing countries should be a priority for those
concerned with urban migration which is hollowing out villages. Modernising
agriculture in poor areas could yield substantial benefits, raising
productivity and providing the pull needed to keep young people on the land
instead of migrating to large cities. Improving
agriculture and the infrastructure and services – education, health, and social
– and expanding livelihood opportunities in rural areas can reduce migration to
cities.
Rural migration has accompanied the gradual process,
whereby labour is transferred from agriculture to more lucrative sectors in
manufacturing and services that are located in urban areas. Instead, jobs in
agricultural value chains can provide opportunities for rural people close to
where they already live and restrain them from leaving their villages. Creating
dignified adequate, meaningful and a livelihood for all is now the greatest
challenge.
Even as urbanisation grows apace (with urban population
now growing much faster than rural) it will be a few decades before the balance
of population shifts away from the rural. Public initiatives on the lines of
civil society approaches are caught between the imperatives of empowerment (or,
at least not creating dependencies) and ethics (not leaving anyone worse off
than they initially were).
Farming has become perilous in
developing countries, vulnerable as it is to shocks and crises from natural
disasters or manmade problems. Too little is being done to shield families from
these shocks and enable them to survive through lean times.
We need to abandon the urban/rural dichotomy that sees
cities as places that drive growth and progress, through a concentration of
industry and services, and rural areas as the providers of cheap labour,
agricultural product and natural resources. Rather than conceiving of rural
development work only in terms of increasing agricultural productivity,
alleviating poverty and promoting out-migration, we need to refocus on “rural”
as a fully-fledged economy in itself. This will require constructing a rural
transformation cycled on a combination of, industry agriculture and targeted
economic and social services.
This will ensure that growth is more balanced and
diverse, so that the environment is not overburdened by a crowding of economic
activities in cities, or by focusing on agriculture only in the
countryside.This integrated and multidisciplinary approach will also help to
reduce the massive waste of resources in rural areas: a large part of
agricultural produce rots for lack of local processing, storage and
transportation. Human resources, particularly youth and women – the true
engines of rural transformation –are largely undervalued, underdeveloped and
underused as they lack appropriate skills, are not working, or work below their
capacities.
The list of the current maladies of the world is quite
long. However, there is no prepared blueprint for solving any of these.
Individuals can make a difference in fighting the ills when ways are found to
institutionalise creative ideas. Replication of successful models continues to
be a guiding mantra of development programmes. But in this there is an
associated caveat.
One of the biggest obstacles to developing people is that
they often fear they cannot learn new approaches and are reluctant to step
outside their comfort zones. Particularly in the case of developing markets,
where people may have had limited previous experience, it’s really crucial to
help people shift their thinking so they believe they can do the job. To that
end, it’s important to take them out of their immediate context and introduce
them to people like them who are succeeding in the kind of environment they
will need to succeed in.
In the small development planet, say a village or a block, these
smaller development structures are miniature versions of all public
institutions with all their heat and drama as the vital ingredients of the
national policies are sieved through a vast maze of paper trails. With the
knowledge of the processes at the lower bureaucracy you can better understand
and creatively provide wider and deeper values to the nuances that underpin
national policies and programmes.
For one, we need research centres which offer researchers
a place to work unhindered by the pesky objectives required by traditional
research institutes or universities. We need young and new researchers and an
atmosphere free from practical constraints, free from servility to fixed
patterns and flush with great minds. The kind of work most researchers foster
is good just for building CVs and highly irrelevant to the prime needs of our
society. Research has grown at a clip, universities are beating each other’s
records in granting doctorates but quality is diminishing at an equal pace. And
yet it is true that today’s silly sounding research can turn out to be
tomorrow’s breakthrough. That is why research funding requires much greater
insight than research itself.
The commonly parroted reasons for the failures and persistence
of India’s maladies are a lack of accountability, corruption, poor incentive
mechanisms and over-sized government. Solutions put forth therefore focus on
reducing red-tapism, through technological interventions, or bypassing the
state or replacing the government system completely or partially through
public-private partnerships.
Empowering local governments, non-profits, frontline
workers and supervisors with financial and administrative authority for
delivering meaningful outcomes is the most desirable thing to do. Non-profits are criticised often for typically
promising too much and delivering very little. It is fair to expect of them to
properly assess their capacities, and accordingly restrict their geographies.
Often, it is smarter to do multiple programmes with different departments in
the same geography. Further, given the general climate of distrust towards
non-profits, it helps if the non-profit earns the government’s trust and has a
work history with them or within that geography before it approaches them with
a new project. In case of new orgnisations the credentials of the promoters
will weigh heavily with the government
Human well-being is a measure of eight
basic needs: food, housing, drinking water, energy, sanitation, education healthcare,
and social security. These needs are embodied in the various rights provided in
several national and world charters It is fundamental to ground these
rights into constitutional values. But these can propel change only when they
are translated into social policy. Most timespolicy
prescriptions are often based on ideological leanings. in many cases articulation of policy directions is
also not enough. It is necessary to get into the policymaking process, convince
those in senior positions of the need for change and build a sufficient
momentum for change.
The current drive is to shift the approach from
assembling plans and budgets in the rarefied atmosphere of bureaucratic
corridors to the creation of a mass movement for development in which every
Indian recogniseshis/her role and experiences the tangible benefits. The new
policy strategies are using instruments that affirm their rootedness in ground
realities rather than economic abstractions. There is a wonderful articulation
of inclusive growth -- what we need is growth that falls like rain on the
mountains and flows down in streams to the valleys and plains below, not growth
that is like snow which sticks to the mountaintops
Inadequate investment in locally led initiatives is one
of the ways in which we fail to ensure that those who are most affected by
inequity have pathways to address it. If the users do not value the benefits,
they will not use the facilities. Local users have much better skills than
engineers in adapting technologies to their own situations. The best
university-taught skills may not
necessarily provide the best
solutions. The way forward is to to create sustainable, locally driven
programmes.
Development is fuller when put in people’s hands,
specially the poor, who know best how to use the scarce and precious resources
for their upliftment. The first-generation leaders of independent India
believed that economic justice would be advanced by the lessons of cooperation
where common efforts to achieve the common good will subsume all artificial
differences. --INFA
(Copyright, India News
& Feature Alliance)
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