People & Their
Problems
New
Delhi, 14 June 2019
Tackling
Natural Disasters
STRATEGY
AND FAR SIGHT VITAL
By Dr.
Oishee Mukherjee
In the wake of Cyclone Vayu which is
plummeting Gujarat, disaster management is once again in the eye of the storm.
Notwithstanding the stupendous rescue and evacuation operations by Orissa Chief
Minister Naveen Patnaik of over 13 lakhs people who were affected by Cyclone
Fani recently. The State needs at least Rs 1,00,000 crores to rebuild damaged
houses and public infrastructure wiped out by the storm.
Today, the Western State sails in the same
boat with power supply being disrupted in over 560 villages and over being
three lakh people being evacuated to safer areas. Over 77 trains bound for
Gujarat have been cancelled and nearly 1000 NDRF personnel including medical
and rescue experts are stationed therein to expedite rescue and relief
operations.
Certainly, India has its fair share of
natural disasters such as floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes, landslides,
avalanches and forest fires in
the last few years with global warming aggravating its frequency which causes
a huge loss to the life, property, economy and infrastructure.
In fact, not
many are aware that 27 States and Union Territories out of 35 are disaster
prone, almost 58.6% of the landmass is affected by earthquakes of moderate to
very high intensity; over 40 million hectares (12 % land) are predisposed to floods
and river erosion; of the 7,516 km long coastline, close to 5,700 km is inclined
to cyclones and tsunamis; 68% of the cultivable area is vulnerable to drought
and hilly areas are at risk from landslides and avalanches.
In this
milieu, the proposed global Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure
(CDRI) --- an Indian initiative on the lines of the Solar Alliance of 120
countries --- is a step in the right direction which received a boost with
India pledging Rs 480 crores to set up a secretariat in New Delhi.
The
initiative has the support of the UN and the World Bank. Among the 33 countries
which have already supported the Indian initiative, Italy, UK, Australia, South
Africa and European Union have agreed to fund the new organization set to be
declared at the UN Climate Summit, scheduled at the UN headquarters this
September.
Pertinently,
the CDRI will work to develop common standards in infrastructure building and
invest in research and development that will also determine funding from
multilateral banks towards future investments by countries. The coalition’s
charter provides for facilitating collaborative start-ups between countries to
develop knowledge platforms on disaster and climate risk and resilience for
infrastructure.
Meanwhile an
UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) study October last found 95% of
all disasters in the past two decades (1996-2017) were caused by floods,
storms, droughts, heat waves and other extreme weather events. Globally, disaster losses during this period
were estimated at $ 3 trillion.
Low income
countries like India suffered greater economic losses with up to 87% of their
disasters not reported recording losses of $ 80 billion during the 20-year
period. Globally disaster losses are estimated at $ 520 billion per annum,
pushing more than 26 million people into poverty every year. As a result,
inequality is rising at a far greater pace than projected, the study rightly
revealed.
Among
natural disasters, many earthquakes have been witnessed in the Himalayan region
but India has not learnt from past mistakes to tackle such an eventuality. At
an international workshop on ‘Climate Change & Extreme Weather Events’ held
recently, experts discussed the effects of climate change, melting of
glaciers, increased frequency of weather events, atmospheric pollution etc. Scientists from various fields
of expertise concurred that an earthquake of the magnitude of 8.5 or more is
expected to rock the Himalayan region.
These
research groups, including the one in IIT Roorkee are in the process of
developing earthquake early warning systems which could give people up to a
minute of warning before the quake. A section of scientists believe that science
can tell where an earthquake may strike and with what magnitude, but predicting
the time might not be possible.
Though it is
generally regarded that prediction of quakes is a rather impossible task, the
efforts of engineers at Roorkee would go a long way in saving lives. However,
seismologists believe that even such warning to enable people to safely vacate
their buildings before an earthquake, homes might still be destroyed, turning a
whole society into refugees. Additionally, not a few pointed out that publicly
funded Government buildings in Himalayan States such as Sikkim and Manipur
could not survive low intensity earthquakes.
The need for
buildings to be quake resilient is repeatedly being stressed, akin to medical
instruments being sterilised before use, irrespective of whether a patient is
rich or poor. Thus, building of proper infrastructure is necessary for which
the CDRI might play a significant role in the coming years.
Another
natural disaster which is almost a recurring problem for India every year is
floods. Melting of glaciers and excessive rainfall in certain parts of the
country has resulted in floods in many regions, specially the North East. Add to
this, cutting down of trees and clearing forests has aggravated the situation.
In such circumstances, lack of infrastructure has resulted in massive loss of
lives and property.
Clearly, the
whole issue is one of serious concern but planners have not given it enough
attention as the sufferers are mostly poor people who reside in villages and in
coastal belts of the country. Very few people in cities and urban areas have
been affected and since the focus of our planning strategy is urban centric,
flood protection has not received due attention in terms of resource
allocation. Consequently, floods are witnessed almost every year though, in
recent years, evacuating people from flood affected areas has been faster than
before.
In such a
critical situation, there is need to evolve a strategy to counter all types of
natural disasters in an effective manner. It needs to be pointed out, that unlike the West, which is economically better equipped to
handle climate change and its repercussions, countries like India and China
bear the brunt of disasters caused by rising emissions and a warmer planet.
Besides, if
there are no floods or cyclones in the country, India faces drought in several
areas. The rise in temperatures is rather phenomenal causing natural disasters.
In fact, temperatures in three cities Chennai, Mumbai and Delhi have seen a
steady rise during the last several years.
Undoubtedly,
infrastructure development and awareness generation have to be taken up in
right earnest by the Government. Side by side there is also need to involve
grass-root organizations in tackling disasters, specially floods, cyclones and
earthquakes.
Further, human rights institutions are uniquely placed to play a role
in ensuring that the human rights of those affected by natural disasters are
promoted. Those that have expertise in human rights principles and are rooted
in locally might have a better view of what is needed and what is possible than
national actors.
True, specific
national contexts might vary and different kinds of disasters require different
responses, but the need to uphold human rights in
emergency situations is constant. ---- INFA
(Copyright,
India News & Feature Alliance)
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