Open Forum
New
Delhi, 28 March 2019
Role of Media in Polls
WATCHDOG-CUM-GUARDIAN
By Dr. S. Saraswathi
(Former Director, ICSSR, New Delhi)
The Election Commission has announced that
social media companies will also follow the Model Code of Conduct ahead of General
elections. A Voluntary Code of Ethics for General Elections 2019 has been
agreed to between the EC on one side and the Internet and Mobile Association of
India (IAMAI) on the other. Several media companies including Facebook,
WhatsApp, Twitter, Google, Sharechat, and Tiktok were represented in this agreement
intended to evolve a mechanism for prevention of abuse of social media platforms
in the election period. Whether this will help to enhance the integrity and
transparency of the electoral process as stated in the preamble of the code is
a big suspense.
A new phase in electioneering is being
witnessed today with increasing use of interactive and digital media along with
conventional media that is strong and presently irreplaceable in India.
Websites, e-mails, text messages, digital campaigning and social media are in
everyday use in election propaganda. Political parties get substantial support
for political mobilisation from subscribers in social media.
Introduced in Indian elections in 2014 as an
important campaigning aid, social media this time is a primary tool. Election management has
indeed become a special branch of management studies in which application of
social media is an important area.
Within a short time, social media has proved that
it can bring both advantages and disadvantages to democratic elections
depending on the purpose and ability of users from creators to consumers of
messages. Barring left parties, which are banking mainly on the support of
working classes, all others are using social media as a main channel for
political discourse.
Under this agreement, the EC can notify
relevant social media platforms of potential violation of Section 126 of the
Representation of People Act and other applicable electoral laws. Three-hour
time limit is given to them to remove objectionable contents. This code is
coming into effect immediately. Election advertisements featuring names of
persons and parties must carry the certification issued by the EC.
Users may have to sign a commitment not to
misuse the medium for political purposes or propaganda. They should also be
made aware of half truths and fake news circulating through social media and
warned against being misled by instant messaging.
The EC wants the social media platforms to
voluntarily undertake information education and communication for their users
about “unlawful conduct during election” particularly during prohibited 48
hours before polling. Use of SMS and WhatsApp as part of electioneering should
also stop. In effect, social media companies must operate with accountability like
any news media.
Recognised as the fourth estate of democracy
and the most accessible forum of public opinion, the role of media is
acknowledged in all societies based on democracy, human rights, and the rule of
law.
Now, it can be said that the fifth estate of
networked bloggers offers wider role for the audience articulating important
news, circulating individual views on public issues, and generating debates.
They change private conversations into public debates. Unlike radio and
television, social media promotes dialogues and serve as platforms.
Therefore, there is much speculation about the
impact of social media on the outcome of election. There is a general notion that
the young, particularly first time voters, who constitute the biggest segment of social media users to gather
news, are likely to get addicted to this media and fall victims.
The development is amazing and unbelievable.
Opinions and criticisms that are publicly ridiculed, disproved and discarded in
face to face interaction can still be circulated through social media.
However, mainstream media news has not declined
in India despite the growth of the social media. Statements and opinions posted
on online can go viral almost instantly giving no time for rebuttal or challenge.
Whether good or bad, the message reaches the audience and starts producing the impact
as the receiver getting the message through a most sophisticated instrument
tends to accept it without verification. During elections, it is being watched
with great interest as if it is the sole and all-powerful transmitter of
information.
Hence, the competition for grabbing media space,
attention, and time is growing minute by minute and so also corresponding
attempts to control media and regulate its functioning. Mediated democracy is a
new term to denote political deliberations through the media. It goes on in all
Indian languages.
Exploitation of the television media has also
intensified due to privatisation, commercialisation, and political ownership
and/or political support, which makes the TV extremely important communication
media in election. Sensationalism, sponsorship, and paid news are part of TV
programmes that can influence the voters’ mind. SMS and phone-ins have been
part of discussions in TV channels and magazines.
With the expansion of the overreach of the
media, both electronic and print, poll surveys have become a regular feature
before elections in the past two decades in India. Some media houses themselves
are involved in conducting and releasing results of opinion polls and exit
polls. As these are likely to influence voting, the EC has prohibited
publishing the results of any poll survey between the date of election
notification and the completion of poll in all phases. In 1996, then leader of
the DMK, Karunanidhi, acknowledged openly that his landslide victory in the
Assembly election was due to CMS pre-poll survey results.
Not all pre-poll survey results get into news
media. Some newspapers are reluctant to sponsor or publish pre-poll survey
findings. It is said that some results are not published if they are not
favourable to the sponsors or consistent with the stand of the newspaper.
However, pre-poll surveys, on the whole, have not earned reputation for
influencing effectively agenda setting or voting pattern.
Electoral democracy is nearly impossible
today without an effective and vigilant media.
Elections are not just voting and selecting representatives of the
people, but denote a participatory process open to the public in democracies.
Participation is meaningless without authentic and timely information or
without meaningful and free dialogue. Transparency and accountability are
important for authenticity.
Countries that have gone through democratic
transition in recent decades have some special regard for the media. But, they
are also afraid of media exposures that have led to downfall of regimes and
leaders.
At the same time, what has come to be known
as infotainment – a combination of information and entertainment - cuts into
serious political debates. It is spreading fast with expansion of the social
media. By providing more entertainment than information, it is exploitative of the
gullibility of the unsuspecting public.
While the media needs to be watched against intrusion
of fake news and false propaganda, it has to function as watchdog of political
parties and electoral processes to prevent corrupt practices. It is
burdened with immense responsibility. During elections, its true nature comes
out.
This watchdog, the media, watching the
activities of all actors in an election to guard democracy, also needs a
watchdog to regulate its role and prevent its surrender to temptations. Best
regulation seems to be self-regulation with peer superintendence. –INFA
(Copyright, India
News & Feature Alliance)
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