Spotlight
New
Delhi, 14 February 2019
Illicit Deposit Schemes
NEW LAW TO CHECK ROT
By Moin Qazi
The Union Cabinet has approved the Banning of
Unregulated Deposit Schemes Bill, 2018 with the objective of effectively tackling
the menace of illicit deposit-taking activities and prevent such schemes from
duping poor and gullible people of their hard-earned savings.
Among the provisions is a ban on deposit
takers from promoting, operating, issuing advertisements or accepting deposits
in any unregulated scheme. Deposit Takers’ include all possible entities
(including individuals) receiving or soliciting deposits, except specific
entities such as those incorporated by legislation.
The Bill bans unregulated deposit taking
activities altogether, by making them an offence ex-ante rather than the
existing legislative-cum-regulatory framework which only comes into effect
ex-post with considerable time lags. It provides for “severe punishment and
heavy pecuniary fines” to act as a deterrent. Penalties could involve jail term
as well as the sale of the offenders’ assets to pay back the defrauded party
within set timelines
The principle is that the Bill would ban
unregulated deposit taking activities altogether, by making them an offence
ex-ante rather than the existing legislative-cum-regulatory framework that only
comes into effect ex-post with considerable time lags.
The Bill creates three different types of
offences: (i) running of unregulated deposit schemes, (ii) fraudulent default
in regulated deposit schemes, and (iii) wrongful inducement in relation to
unregulated deposit schemes.
India has always been a fertile ground for
swindles that have milked mostly low-income households of millions of rupees.
The financially illiterate are usually easy pickings. The investors have been
periodically gulled by nefarious characters into dubious schemes. The poor have
now become wary of investing money even in credible organizations. These mercenary agents use enticing traps to net gullible
investors like sharks preying on small gold fishes in the big bad financial
ocean.
According to a global survey by Standard
& Poor’s, less than 25 per cent of adults are financially literate in South
Asian countries. For an average Indian, financial literacy is yet to become a
priority. India is home to 17.5 per cent of the world's population but nearly
76 per cent of its adult population does not understand basic financial
concepts.
People with robust financial skills and
strong grasp of financial principles are able to better understand and
negotiate the financial landscape and avoid financial pitfalls. Conversely,
those with a lower degree of financial literacy struggle to understand money
matters and the potential impact on their financial well-being. Financial
ignorance carries significant costs and results in people spending more on
transaction fees, getting over-extended with debts on account of them being
ripe prospects for predatory practices.
On account of lack of proper awareness and
failure of institutions to properly guide them, people buy insurance policies
without planning and give up midway because they do not have money to pay the
premium. Aggressive selling prevents the agents from properly assessing the
consistency in income streams of the buyers for servicing their policies. The
customers end up losing heavily due to harsh penalties. There’s a popular term
to describe this, called mis-selling.
To blunt the potential
for risk, it is more important than ever to arm customers, especially the newly-banked,
with skills they need to borrow, save and move money prudently and to keep
distance from unscrupulous and dubious investment schemes that are likely
to get them into serious trouble.
Whilst financial products can be hard to
understand for even highly literate consumers, the lack of this basic
understanding leads to extended levels of debt for the illiterate, vulnerable
customers, pushing them deeper into indebtedness and poverty.
Financial ignorance carries significant costs
and results in people spending more on transaction fees, getting overextended
with debts on account of them being ripe prospects for predatory practices.
They usually fall prey to aggressive marketing and end up with troublesome
financial products. As per RBI data, during July, 2014 to May, 2018, 978 cases
of unauthorised schemes were discussed in State Level Coordination Committee
(SLCC) meetings in various States and were given to the respective law
enforcement agencies in these States.
One area where India needs strong consumer
protection measure is insurance services. On account of lack of proper
awareness and failure of institutions to properly guide them, people buy insurance
policies without planning and give up midway because they don’t have money to
pay the premium. Aggressive selling prevents the agents from properly assessing
the consistency in income streams of the buyers for servicing their policies.
The customers end up losing heavily due to harsh penalties.
Persistency measures how long customers
persist with their policies. The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority
of India (IRDAI), in its Handbook on Indian Insurance Statistics 2015-16, has
provided persistency figures of the life insurance industry and the numbers are
abysmal. For FY2016, the life insurance industry, on an average, had a
persistency rate of 61% in the 13th month, which means: 1 year after the
sale, only 61 out of every 100 policies were renewed. It shows the huge money customers are losing on account
of bad financial planning and the mis-selling practices prevalent in the
insurance industry.
The good news is that there are now several
channels of information and resources to help the public build their financial stability. To safeguard the hard-earned money of investors and curb the
pervasive menace of illegal money pooling by companies, the Reserve Bank of
India (RBI) has set up a portal -- sachet.rbi.org.in -- to enable the public to
obtain information about registered entities who accept deposits, get
information regarding illegal acceptance of deposits, and lodge complaints. The
portal also facilitates filing and tracking of complaints.
While we should continue to make a case for
strong regulations to protect consumers against
unscrupulous firms, we must remember that good financial literacy among
citizens is the most effective antidote against these moral abuses. To blunt
the potential for risk, it’s more important than ever to arm customers with
skills they need to responsibly borrow to get a business idea off the ground or
to acquire an asset like a house, save to build their assets, insure to stay
resilient through life’s worst moments without being pushed deeper into debt
and to keep distance from unscrupulous and dubious investment schemes that have
lacerated the financial lives of multitudes after they got into serious mess
with these.
Stories commonly abound of people having been
stripped of every cent they earned by the time they realised they had been
conned. Financial advisors and counsellors should be able to spot early and
sometimes use subtle signals.
We need to practice what is now being emphasised
as responsible finance, which has transparency and accountability and empathy
as its foundational triad. Transparency implies objective communication about
the products procedures, documentation and other necessary formalities required
for making a financial transaction. Transparent processes result in greater
trust and confidence in the financial system. It is important to ensure that
over-zealousness does not result in over-indebtedness.
We must be mindful of the fact that these
individuals have entered the formal financial system after a lot of pushing and
prodding and it would be difficult to bring them back into the formal financial
sector, if they leave feeling cheated/dejected.---INFA
(Copyright, India
News & Feature Alliance)
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