Open Forum
New Delhi, 12 February, 2016
Global Sleaze Index
INDIA IN SLOW MOTION
By Dr.S.Saraswathi
(Former Director,
ICSSR, New Delhi)
Transparency International’s latest
Global Corruption Index for 2015 shows a slight improvement in India’s rank,
from 85 among 168 countries in 2014 to 76 amid 174 last year. True, the rank
has improved yet there is no change in the country’s score of 38 on a 100
points scale.
Indeed, some people are inclined to
look backwards and derive satisfaction that countries with a worse record have
increased from 89 in 2014 to 92. But
they overlook that six more countries were included in the index this year.
Undeniably, India’s steady score
card of 38 points and loss of 62 points is shameful. Think. If these were marks
obtained in a school or college examination it would have resulted in a sure
shot detention in the same class!
In fact, India’s rank was worse at 87 among
178 countries with a score of 3.3 on a scale of 0 (highly corrupt) to 10
(cleanest) in 2010, wherein corruption had become routine. Interestingly, in the global context while Asia-Pacific
countries have shown poor performance, there is over-all stagnation in Europe
and Central Asia.
Alas, India does not appear to be worried
about its dismal performance year after year, despite having anti-corruption
laws and a vigilant media. Even the “India Against Corruption” campaign has
lost its vigour and fallen on the wayside as a spent-up force. Worse, the national media which had exposed
some big scandals does not seem to be perturbed at our inability to better our
abysmal corrupt record.
Shockingly, the rot has expanded
horizontally and percolated so deep in to society that the common man is unable
to decipher any abnormality in corrupt practices. Be it the public or private sector, markets
and voluntary organizations.
Moreover, it has entered worship places,
sports fields and the entertainment arena.
Learned saint Kautilya, author of “Arthashastra”,
was right when he said that “humans are fickle-minded” and listed a detailed
administrative arrangement including an espionage network to control sleaze.
Sadly, corruption has become a way
of life in which most people find themselves either as participants as givers
or receivers of undue benefits or else as facilitators of a corrupt transaction. Code named as “speed money”, “brokerage”,
“service charges” etc.
Consequently, in this environment,
anyone who refuses to participate in the sleaze circus is looked upon as a
pervert, a non-cooperative unsocial character, and a stumbling block in the success
ladder of life.
Clearly, the challenge today is to
fight this environment relentlessly to at least reduce if not eliminate corruption
altogether given that dishonesty is
as difficult to fight as superstition both of which have become a part of
routine life.
Pertinently, India’s anti-corruption
movement dates to 1860 wherein the Indian Penal Code defined corruption as
“acceptance by public servants of any gratification other than legal
remuneration in exchange for an official act”.
But the fight against sleaze began only
in 1941 when the Delhi Special Police Establishment was created to investigate corruption
cases involving War and Supply Departments, the source of this evil. The
Prevention of Corruption Act 1947 led to the formation of the Administrative
Vigilance Commission in 1955.
Also, the Government appointed the
Santana committee to find ways to prevent corruption in public life in 1962
which had begun to erode public life. Describing dishonesty as an “improper or
selfish exercise of power and influence attached to a public office or to the special
position one occupies in public life”.
The Prevention of Corruption Act
adopted in 1988 linked pay-offs with taking illegal gratification for rendering
any service or disservice to a person and prescribed punishment for improper
use of public office.
The Act was amended in 2013 and the
maximum punishment for graft was enhanced from 5 to 7 years. Furthermore, besides
straight bribery with money, corruption includes various forms of “quid pro quo” and nepotism.
At the same time, there is no gainsaying
excessive rules also encourage violations. Shortage of goods, time consuming
procedural details, secrecy in decision making and loopholes in laws and rules
are some of the major factors leading to corrupt practices.
Remember, discretionary powers are
meant to be used to expedite action and allow room for public interest and
humanitarian considerations in taking decisions according to rules.
The secret of Denmark’s top
rank in the Global Index is thanks to be its “Danish Model” of welfare system. Reasonable living conditions are assured to
everybody covering fair working conditions, social security, healthcare, decent
salaries and pension schemes et al.
Individuals do not need to worry about
old age savings or insurance for dependants. Its weapon to prevent corruption
is not law, but corporate social responsibility. Resulting in many companies competing in the race for
“zero tolerance” corruption aided by a “whistleblower system” to help expose
unfair practices.
Tragically, the Denmark Model is beyond
India’s
imagination as it is already neck-deep in corruption. However, the country can
follow America’s
version to uncover corruption networks and form a mass movements against dishonesty
with the help of a vigilant media and active NGOs.
In Japan, anti-corruption legislations
largely focused on civil servants and politicians extends to businesses also. Singapore has
strong anti-sleaze laws which provide for confiscation of benefits. In
addition, its judiciary has also adopted a policy of stern punishment. Thus, promoting
efficiency in administration seems to be the country’s approach as it ranks 8th
in the Global Index.
Expansion of the arms of Government,
proliferation of laws and rules and continuous elections combine to provide
more and more areas for corruption which can be classified as political,
administrative/bureaucratic, professional, unskilled and menial. These are often inter-linked with everyone helping
another as members of a fraternity.
Undoubtedly, where the top is corrupt
the disease spreads fast as ethical standards are deteriorating sharply. The
corrupt are hardly caught and rarely punished. Scandalously, public apathy to
the growing rate of corruption in politics and administration is amazing.
Notably, the tendency to overlook
corruption and treat it as a part of a game, coupled with the near total
ignorance of the masses to the height and depth of its expansion have together
aggravated the situation.
In sum, whatever be the source of
bribery and corruption --- political power, administrative authority or law
enforcing responsibility --- this evil has a multiplier effect on every system
and process. Whereby, its impact is felt everywhere: In academic bodies,
religious organizations, scientific institutions or just entertainment
clubs.
At present, rival Parties act as a
check against one another but not with the aim of ending corruption. “Make hay
while the sun shines”, seems to be the common prescription. As a result an extensive system of patronage
has become the functional principle in most organizations following total
tolerance to corruption at every level.
Conflict of interests is allowed to stay.
Under these conditions the common
man is forced to accept and participate in the system for his survival. The
time has come for him to wake up and challenge India’s slow motion in fighting
corruption. ---- INFA
(Copyright, India News and Feature Alliance)
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