Round The World
New Delhi, 11 February 2016
Zika Virus
AMERICAS FEAR, INDIA’S CONCERN
By Amrita Banerjee
School of
International Studies, JNU, New Delhi
With the World Health Organization (WHO) designating the
Zika virus as a public health emergency of international concern, world’s
leading health experts brainstorm in Geneva
to debate ways to treat and combat the spread of this single critical issue. So
far statistics reveal that as many as four million clinical cases of Zika could
affect the Americas.
In this interconnected world where an outbreak of a disease is just a flight
away, India
needs to gear itself up to tackle any eventuality.
In the past, the Ebola outbreak which took over 11,000
lives in West Africa between 2014 and 2015 was
terrible. However, the Zika outbreak is in many ways worse, because its silent
infection grapples the highly vulnerable individuals, especially pregnant women
whose babies get associated with a microcephaly - a horrible condition of
foetal deformation whereby the infants are born with small, deformed heads and
suffer from convulsions, seizures and neurological defects.
The virus that originated from the Zika Forests of Uganda was first isolated in 1947. Since the
1950s, it has known to occur within a narrow equatorial belt from Africa to Asia. In 2015 the virus has spread to Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, and
South America possibly by the thousands of fans who gathered for the 2014 World
Cup in Brazil.
In view of more such Zika virus carriers, there is a travel alert that has been
issued by many governments specially to regions and certain countries where
Zika virus transmission is going on.
The symptoms of Zika are similar to those of dengue and
chikungunya diseases spread through the same species of mosquitoes, namely the Aedes
aegypti. The illness is usually
mild with symptoms lasting for several days to a week. People usually don’t get
sick enough to go to the hospital, and they very rarely die of Zika. However,
this has become a medical emergency because there is a possible link between
Zika fever and microcephaly in
newborn babies by mother-to-child
transmission. Situation has become more chronic as there are reports
that the illness is not only vector borne but can also be sexually transmitted.
These reports and the Zika menace have given rise to certain
intriguing questions. Firstly, the rapid spread of the virus appears to have
prompted Latin American governments to urge women not to get pregnant for up to
two years, an extraordinary precaution that is aimed at avoiding birth defects.
It shows the gravity of the danger because what should have been a routine
public health problem is now becoming a culture shaping phenomena.
Secondly, the UN has urged countries hit by Zika virus to
let women have access to contraception and abortion. This has given rise to a great debate because
many of the affected countries are Catholic and have restrictive abortion laws.
Thirdly, Brazil,
which has been the worst hit, is slated to host the 2016 Olympics in Rio, the first on South American soil. However, with it
being Zika prone there are health concerns for athletes and the visitors who
intend going there. The army getting deployed for fumigation purposes speaks
about the magnitude of the problem in the region. Even though the organizers
have dispelled fears stating that since the games would take place August 5-21
in a dryer cooler climate that reduce the presence of mosquitoes, the assurances
do not sound good enough.
Now coming to India’s preparedness, despite no incident of
Zika virus infection reported in the country so far, health experts have
sounded an alarm over its potential spread in Western Ghats and coastal areas
in the coming days, unless authorities take appropriate action. Aedes
mosquitoes, which spread Dengue virus, are also the carriers of Zika virus and
as India
has dengue breakouts every year along, the situation gets serious. The problem
gets compounded further with many unclean cities and urban enclaves that India has in
large numbers.
There are several problems facing health experts to stop
this menace. First, there is no tested vaccine as such. Secondly, tracking the
disease becomes difficult because in at least 80% of those infected no symptoms
show up. In rare cases tests can be done only through sophisticated molecular
testing methods. Finally, the illness causing species of mosquitoes thrives
well on 21st-century conditions of global warming. In fact, only two nations, Chile and Canada,
in the whole of the Americas
are free of Aedes aegypti and both essentially cold countries
are likely to be the only ones that escape a Zika outbreak.
Amidst this very somber situation there is a ray of hope. In
an important ‘Make in India’
mode, scientists at the Bharat Biotech lab in Hyderabad seem to have found their eureka
moment as they claim to have developed the world’s first vaccine against Zika.
In fact, they claim to have developed two vaccines for the same and got these
patented. It is an irony that even though India has no reported Zika cases,
an Indian company has been able to beat the western pharma giants at their own
game, especially when it is always cornered in the patents issue in the WTO.
It is indeed laudable that this ‘Zika biotech moment for India’ has come
at an opportune moment, where the land of snake charmers, elephants and ‘Hindu
rate of growth’ has now transformed into an innovation hub with a tech-savvy,
science loving Prime Minister. It’s time for Modi to seize this opportunity.
With his timely intervention, the vaccine's development and delivery can be
fast-tracked, cutting through the red tape of regulatory clearances as it can
potentially help countries such as Brazil, which is a fellow member of
the BRICS and pave the way for what he called the “vaccine diplomacy.”
Further, on the domestic front, to counter the Zika menace,
the Health Ministry has decided to set up a technical committee to monitor the
situation. The possible measures that can be taken are – integrated pest
management programmes that reduce the mosquito population, mopping up stagnant
waste where mosquitoes breed, proper screening of all travelers in airports and
other entry points, strengthening the diagnostic and laboratory facilities like
nucleic acid amplification methods and carrying out a mosquito census to
identify the areas of threat.
History tells us that as public health efforts slacken mosquitoes return in
buzzing millions. Therefore, the effort should be a sustained one till the
world is free of this pest. Besides, research in various biotechnological
methods such as gene editing, introducing GM mosquitoes and a lethal bacterial
strain, show promise and should be well funded. It is high time the Government
takes effective measures to stop the arrival of this illness into India because
in the near future with an unplanned urbanization and global warming, the
situation can get out of hand. ---INFA
(Copyright,
India News and Feature Alliance)
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