Round The World

New Delhi, 17 March 2015

New Ocean Politics

GLUING SECURITY & BLUE ECONOMY

By Ashok B Sharma

India, of late, has woken up to realize the importance of oceans, more particularly the one in its vicinity. Better late than never, Prime Minister Narendra Modi has made a humble beginning for integrating with countries in the Indian Ocean rim. While security in the region remains a major concern, another recipe for integration is the call for cooperation in the development of Blue Economy.

In his recent visit to Seychelles, Mauritius and Sri Lanka Modi urged for cooperation in Blue Economy which is a multi-disciplinary approach for exploitation of hydrocarbons and other marine resources, deep sea fishing, preservation of marine ecology, mitigating climate change problems by addressing environmental issues and disaster management. India with its advancement in science and technology is in a position to lend its expertise in deep sea bed activities, hydrographic surveys, weather predictions. India has a long record of hydrographic surveys of Seychelles and Mauritius. The agenda for combating climate change and stress on renewable sources of energy are likely to gain support from many small island economies and littoral States.

Indian Ocean region is strategically important as vital Sea Lane of Communication (SLOCs) pass through this region from Hormuz Strait, Suez Canal, Red Sea, Persian Gulf to Malacca Strait to South China Sea. These most critical trade routes carry almost two-third of global energy trade, half of world’s containerized cargo and a third of global bulk cargo. Security is, therefore, an important aspect. Maritime piracy, threats of terrorist attacks, possible attacks by private mercenaries, money laundering are the issues that need to be dealt with in cooperation.

Launching of the coastal surveillance radar project, assurance for giving another Dornier aircraft, agreements on hydrographic survey and development of infrastructure in the Assumption Island and other development assistance are the recent initiation of hydro-politics with Seychelles.  Modi in Mauritius gave similar gestures through the joint commissioning of the offshore patrol vessel, Barracuda built with Indian assistance, agreement to develop Agalega Island and a MoU on ocean economy along with other development assistance. He invited both Seychelles and Mauritius to join the India-Maldives-Sri Lanka trilateral naval exercise. Will these two countries be prepared to join?

Of course Prime Minister Modi could not schedule his visit to Maldives owing to internal political problems leading to the arrest of former President Mohammad Nasheed. However, India-Maldives relations have not reached a level of embitterment to cause much concern. But New Delhi should be cautious in its approach.

After President Sirisena assumed office in Sri Lanka there are new hopes for its better relations with India. New Delhi wants to give some more time to Sirisena to resolve the Tamil issue and problems relating to Indian fishermen that have been aggravated after the accords signed in 1974 and 1976 leading to the loss of territorial waters and Kachatheevu Island to India. Setting up of a joint task force on ocean economy, apart from other development cooperation and assistance are among the gestures New Delhi extended to its immediate island neighbour for cooperation in the Indian Ocean rim.

Modi has, thus, ventured to initiate a new hydro-politics in the Indian Ocean gluing both security and Blue Economy. He expressed his intention to rope in more countries in the region as partners in the existing India-Maldives-Sri Lanka trilateral.

But the umbrella multilateral fora, Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) needs revitalization to attain desired vigour. The for a set up in 1997 and based on open regionalism, has only 20 member States. There is a need for all countries in the rim to be members. Even Egypt situated on the banks of Suez Canal is not a member, but an observer.

Comparatively, the other voluntary organization, Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS) launched in 2008 has 35 member States. Out of its membership, 13 are members of IORA. There is a need to include all members of IONS as members of IORA and Egypt and Pakistan which are members of IONS should be co-opted in the other. In fact, IORA should be raised to the level of summit level talks, to ensure absolute synergy between the two.

India being a major littoral State in the Indian Ocean needs to take additional initiative. Under the banner of IORA, India hosted the first Indian Ocean Dialogue in 2014 in Kochi. The key take away from this dialogue was that “IORA members should address security issues themselves rather than relying on international forces.” This should be the real intention of IORA and it should maintain its own centrality as ASEAN does in the Pacific.

Only a strong centrality and solidarity of IORA can prevent any possibility of poaching by external powers. Already there are attempts by China to extend its “String of Pearls” in the Indian Ocean. China’s game plan for using warm waters of the Indian Ocean can be seen through its proposal for Maritime Silk Route, One Belt-One Road, BCIM Corridor.

Apart from the US “pivot” to Asia-Pacific, there is also the Chinese and Russian “pivot.”  With a view to foil the negotiations for RCEP proposed by ASEAN and others, the US has come up with Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP). Similarly, Beijing has proposed Asia-Pacific FTA and has set up an Asia Infrastructure Development Bank. Russia wants to propose a separate security architecture.

All these attempts by extra-territorial powers may impact upon ASEAN, which proposes to move towards an economic community by January 2016 and subsequently towards ASEAN Political Security Community and ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community. Centrality of ASEAN in the Asia-Pacific is in the best interests of the region and New Delhi should continue supporting it.

India on its own also need to take initiatives on security issues as enshrined in the Indian Maritime Doctrine 2009 and Maritime Strategy 2007. The doctrine stresses on primary areas of security concerns like northern Indian Ocean including those of its contiguous Persian Gulf, principal international shipping lanes and choke points in the Indian Ocean. The secondary areas of security concerns are southern Indian Ocean, the Red Sea and Western Pacific.

It is evident that the areas of India’s maritime interest encompass maritime space of Asia, East Africa and Australia. The Maritime Doctrine has, however, left out the South Atlantic Ocean which can be a matter of interest in India’s relationships with South American and Caribbean countries and ensure further South-South cooperation. But the doctrine says about distant operations, security multilateralism, freedom of navigation and power projection.

A wake up call to India to strengthen its Navy came after 26/11 terrorist attack in Mumbai in 2008. Modi has initiated a new process of multilateralism in ocean politics by gluing together security and Blue Economy. Much is awaited to be seen the action on the ground.---INFA

(Copyright, India News & Feature Alliance)