Events & Issues
New Delhi, 1 December, 2014
Gender Parity Index
WORSENING WOMEN’S STATUS
By Dr S Saraswathi
(Former Director, ICSSR, New
Delhi)
The annual Gender Survey of the World Economic Forum (WEF)
for 2014 has ranked India
at 114 in a list of 142 countries. This has raised fears among women activists
in the country of worsening status of women. The rank shows a decline by 13
places from the previous rank of 101 in 2013.
The Forum introduced the global survey on gender gap in
2006. It covers three areas - education, health, and remuneration for equal
work. Though the over-all rank is an indelible blot on the country’s progress, India has
scored higher ranks on specific indicators raising a hope that all is not bad
for women. It holds rank 15 on political empowerment and placed above the US and UK.
The index comes in the age of incredibly fast information
system, very vigilant media, strong expressions of direct public reaction, and
growing awareness among women – all of which may indicate the possibility of a
mixed future for women. Global index is a method to measure individual and
comparative performance of countries and is widely used by international agencies
to measure development using certain indicators.
“Inequalities can reverse progress in women’s status”, warns
a UN Report on the “International Conference on Population and Development
Beyond 2014”. It is the first global review of progress made since the Women’s
Conference at Cairo
and the Programme of Action that followed in 1994 pointing out the obstacles
and emerging issues. Twenty years is a long period in one’s life, but not in
the life of customs and traditions, mindset, social beliefs and prejudices,
etc, that are entrenched in a society and passed on through generations without
any conscious effort. Women’s status is not a simple problem to respond and
change to a singular solution. Multiple actions on diverse fronts are required.
The UNDP introduced two composite indices of gender equity
measures - the Gender Development Index (GDI) and the Gender Empowerment
Measure (GEM) in 1995 which made the Human Development Index (HDI) gender
sensitive. GDI was introduced in response to the requirement of sex-wise data for
various international bodies to understand gender gap in development to help
identify areas that need special attention and bridge the gaps. Originally, HDI
was a composite index comprising life expectancy, adult literacy, and real GDP
per capita.
GDI represents the ratio of female to male HDI. In 2013,
female HDI value was calculated as 0.519 in contrast with male HDI of 0.627 for
India.
In UNDP’s Gender Related Development Index, India ranks 135
in a list of 144. It pertains to three aspects – life expectancy, mean years of
schooling, and expected years of schooling. Gender gap is +2.6 for the first in
2013, -2.4 for the second and -0.5 for the third aspects for 2002-12. India’s regressive
performance in GDI is unacceptable at past record. It ranked 99 among 130
countries in 1995.
The GEM of the UNDP measures relative empowerment of women
and men in economic and political spheres. It comprises three components. Two
of them relate to participation and decision-making power in political and
economic spheres; and the third relates to power over economic resources.
The concept of empowerment dominates discussions on
development in recent years. It implies that development should not only be for
the people but by the people. Participation is the crucial indicator of empowerment.
It is a goal and also an instrument of development. Promoting women’s
capabilities and encouraging women to participate and exercise their choice are
ends as well as means for economic growth and all-round development.
Empowerment should enable women to fight against oppression
and deprivations and inequalities. It should encompass the entire society from
bottom to top. Such empowerment is expected to free men from bonds of outdated
notions of superiority and power, liberate them from false value systems, and
help them realize the importance of gender parity for comprehensive
development.
The UNDP’s Gender Inequality Index (GII) measures three
vital aspects of human development. These include reproductive health in terms of maternal
mortality rate and adolescent birth rates, empowerment through the proportion
of parliamentary seats held by women and secondary education of adult females
and males over 25 years, and economic status assessed by labour market
participation and labour force participation of females and males above 15
years.
This index covers 150 countries and varies widely from 2.1%
to 73.3%. It shows India
in a bad light on the whole – a spectacle that stands in sharp contrast with remarkable
and outstanding achievements of many extraordinary women in all fields. It is
an eye opener to the inadequacy of laws and regulations to reach goals and
performance deficiency in implementing schemes and programmes.
Gender Parity Index (GPI) reflects the over-all female level
compared to that of male. GPI less than 1 indicates that there are fewer
females than males; GPI more than one indicates proportionately more females
than males; and score 1 means gender equality.
The term “gender” loosely applied to refer to the sex of a
person has a special sociological significance. It denotes differences in the
status of a man and a woman in a society. Gender differences mean that the
status of women is lower than what they are really worth.
The term “gender” is used in relation to cultural aspects and
the term “sex” to biological matters and is different. Differences based on
gender are man-made and can be altered and those deriving from sex are natural
and biological. Gender parity demands changes in culture and conventions –
partly achievable by reforms and legislations and partly by education and understanding.
It is inability to distinguish sex and gender that is
largely responsible for gender inequalities in India. Added to this are
conventional notions of male preference from birth carefully safeguarded across
social, economic, geographical and other boundaries. It is indeed a
transcontinental phenomenon that tends to linger long in the Indian society.
Measurement of gender bias is not revealed in any index. It
is concealed in hundreds of forms in everyday life and mostly taken as part of
normal life.
Declining sex ratio, which is alarmingly rapid in some States
and in some of their pockets, is considered a challenging problem in bridging
gender gap. Linked with this is persistence of female foeticide as normal
practice in many places. No amount of sermonizing will help unless laws are
strictly enforced and loopholes plugged.
There is a long way to go in matters of education and
health. Monopoly of men over better paid
jobs still continues in many places leaving women to render extraordinary performance
to get what a man gets without extra effort.
Gender perspective in allocation of resources was started in
India
in the Seventh Plan. Women’s Component Plan was adopted in the Ninth Plan. The
Tenth Plan reinforced commitment to gender budgeting to use fiscal policy to
reduce gender gaps.
All these remain insufficient. There are myriads of ways of
gender discriminations in practice. Not all of them are measured or even
measurable. A curious feature of gender gap is the gap among women. This gap makes
gender difference less pronounced than economic class or rural-urban
differences.
The point is that the gender gap on the whole remains a
great obstacle to development. There is truth in the statement of the Human
Development Report several years ago that “development, if not engendered, will
be endangered”. ----INFA
(Copyright,
India News & Feature Alliance)
|