Events & Issues
New
Delhi, 13 October 2014
‘Nobel’ Satyarthi
MEANING OF PEACE
WIDENED
By Dr S Saraswathi
(Former Director, ICSSR, New
Delhi)
The nation is legitimately proud of the achievement of
Kailash Satyarthi, relentless child rights activist, who has rescued around 80,000
children stuck in child labour – a selfless task that has received the Nobel
Peace Prize for 2014. Among various kinds of children’s problems –
malnutrition, child mortality, sexual abuse, child labour, child marriage, school
drop-out and so on – child labour is seen in many instances occurring not alone
but along with one or more other forms of ill-treatment of children. It amounts
to violence against children.
The country has reason to celebrate this extraordinary
achievement of Satyarthi and his team as India has earned notoriety for
child labour in the highly competitive international market. Some of India’s
products have been turned down for its alleged child labour component in the
manufacturing process.
Besides being an evil by itself, child labour creates an
atmosphere conducive to crimes against children. A child worker for wages is an
easy target for child abuse; he/she belongs mostly to a poor family; and
education is beyond his/her reach. All the evils associated with poverty and
lack of schooling like child marriages become his lot in life.
Child labour intersects with every one of the Millennium
Development Goals set to be reached by 2015. Its eradication is not mentioned
specifically in the MDGs. But the goals of universal basic education, gender
equality and empowerment of women, maternal health and reduction of child
mortality cannot be attained without the elimination of child labour.
The award confirms global recognition of the importance of ensuring
child rights for peace and well-being in the world. It has also widened the
concept of peace that is no longer restricted to absence of war. Peace is
freedom from disturbance and conflict – a state of mind and not just freedom
from armed warfare.
The ILO and the UNO has identified employment of children
below the age of 14 years as child labour. The International Child Labour
Rights Movement, 1989 has put the age limit as 18 years. The UN Convention on
the Rights of the Child also defines “child” as “any human being under the age
of 18”. But, the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act of 1986 in India has
defined child as one below the age of 14 years. The discrepancy is taken
advantage by employers hiring and exploiting child labour. The phenomenon is
common across India.
The ILO defines child labour as “work that deprives children
of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and work harmful to
their physical and mental development”. Satyarthi’s movement is aptly named as
“Bachpan Bachao Andolan” meaning a movement to save childhood. It concentrates
on relief and rehabilitation of children who have lost all their rights.
The UNICEF has given a more detailed description of child
labour differentiating age-groups within child population. Economic work for at
least one hour or 28 hours of domestic work per week of children in the
age-group 5-11 years is regarded as child labour. In the case of children
between 12 and 14 years, the duration varied as at least 14 hours of economic
work or 28 hours of domestic work per week.
The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), which
has been ratified by India
in 1992 guarantees protection against all forms of neglect, cruelty, and
exploitation. It enjoins States to provide education to all children to become
useful members of society.
The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, however,
does not ban child labour altogether, but prohibits only employment in
hazardous occupations and processes and regulates work in other jobs.
Prohibited work includes beedi making, carpet weaving, cloth printing, dying
and weaving, mica cutting, tanning, wool cleaning, building construction, and
manufacturing cement, matches, explosives and fireworks, and shellac.
This Act does not apply to employment of children in family
enterprises thus providing a big loophole for escape. The exception betrays the
traditional mindset of the parents to claim overarching right over their
children overlooking the contention that child rights are part of human rights.
Domestic labour is one of the biggest fields for child
employment. But, it defies policies and rules and continues to absorb children
as part-time workers.
There is no reliable data on the size of child labour in India or in any
part of the world. For, much of this shameful phenomenon is hidden and
suppressed. The number varies from an estimate of 60 million by some NGOs to
about 5 million by the National Sample Survey. The UNICEF put the figure as 28
million in the age-group 5-11 years. Whatever be the size, India has
earned the reputation of having the highest number of child workers. The satisfying
factor is that the employers and the families of child workers seem to be aware
that employing children in paid economic work is an unlawful act and cannot be
done openly.
It is not ignorance of law, but inability on the part of
children and willful refusal to adhere to the law on the part of employers that
are behind child labour. The argument about the suitability of children’s numb
fingers and soft touch in certain industries like carpet weaving are
unacceptable considering the arduous nature of the work and its repercussions
on the future of the children deployed.
Today, the Children’s Rights
movement has gone global. There are many international children’s organizations
like Save the Children, Free the Child, and Children’s Defence Fund. A
Children’s Rights Information Network (CRIN) has been organized in 1983 which
comprises a group of over 2000 NGOs around the world.
In many western countries there are Children’s
Ombudsmen to protect the rights of children. It was first established in Norway in 1981 followed by Sweden, Finland,
and Ukraine.
It is even reported that Ukraine
appointed a child to that post.
The accusation that parents
themselves are the tormentors of their children may be unpalatable to Indian
parents, but it is not unbelievable given the social-economic privations and
deprivations of a vast child population. It cannot be denied that the
traditional child-adult interaction in India has to change a lot to make
children’s rights a reality.
South
Africa offers an experiment to organize children’s movement. The
Children’s Resource Centre has been established for children in 7-14 age group.
Its mission is to help children organize themselves into a children’s movement with
the object of building a better world for children. Several children’s groups
are formed and they carry on cultural, health, food security, and media
programmes.
The concept of a children’s movement
sounds attractive. It is needed in India, but its feasibility is rather
bleak. Initially, in the light of Nobel award for child rights activists, we
can confidently hope for stronger and wider network of NGOs taking up the cause
of children. The work apparently has to start with adult education in child
care and protection, and child rights.
Given the atmosphere of protest and
direct action sweeping across the country engulfing all spheres of life from
private life to high politics, the day may not be far when we may witness a
movement of children, for children, and by children for their own protection
and welfare against exploitation. A crusader like Satyarthi may provide the
spirit required for such a movement and guide this as a peaceful transformation
of the young world for those deprived of their childhood. ---INFA
(Copyright,
India News and Feature Alliance)
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