Open Forum
New Delhi, 8 October 2014
Jobless
Growth
SKILL
DEVELOPMENT CRITICAL
By
Dhurjati Mukherjee
Can India’s dream of becoming the
greatest powerhouse of youth in the world, be realised? While the adage goes
“if there’s a will, there’s a way”, it is a tough challenge for the NDA
Government. Though there have been advances in the economy, the mechanized
system of production has resulted in not tackling the problem of unemployment
and underemployment of the country. As such, the growth has not been able to
provide jobs to the rapidly increasing work force.
Even the period between 2004-05 and
2009-10, when growth was above 9 per cent, there was virtually no increase in
employment. Joblessness has emerged as a big threat to society, affecting
mainly the economically weaker sections and low income groups.
The recently released figures of the
National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) revealed that over 11.3 crore
persons or 113 million are seeking or are available for work. This huge number
made up around 15 per cent of the working age population of about 7.48 crore in
the 15 to 60 age group. These unemployed persons were distributed over nearly
seven crore families, which is around 28 per cent of all households in the
country.
The previous census showed that in
2001, about 23 per cent of all households were unemployed and within a decade,
this has jumped to 28 per cent. This clearly manifests that there has been no
matching employment generation compared to industrial growth or even the
quantum jump in growth of the service sector. Experts have pointed out that the
drubbing the UPA received in the recent elections may be attributed to the high
unemployment scenario.
Though no figures have been given by
the NSSO, underemployment is also a serious problem, specially in the rural
areas. Agriculture, in most cases, cannot provide employment for all 12 months
and, as such, most families are underemployed for a considerable part of the
year. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) has, no doubt,
been of some help to the rural population but due to corruption in the system
and lack of proper monitoring, it is not known how effective it has been in
generating employment. It is a well known fact that the programme has
been able to provide work for the promised 100 days a year to most households.
In 2013-14, only 9 per cent of the households could get work for 100 days.
Moreover, since it mandates employment for unskilled work only, it has created
no skills.
It is estimated that presently 18
per cent of working people had regular employment while 30 per cent were casual
workers dependent on daily or periodic renewal of jobs. The remaining 52 per
cent were self-employed who have been struggling for years together with very
low income, no work throughout the year and a highly competitive market. A significant
portion of this section remains underemployed.
The problem has compounded in recent
years – specially the last 2/3 years – with the government not taking adequate
steps to promote labour intensive industries with appropriate technology. The development
experience of East Asian economies such as South
Korea, Taiwan
and Singapore in the 70s and
80s and also later and China
more recently, needs a mention. These countries principally relied on growth of
labour intensive industry and accompanying expansion of jobs as the principal
means of prosperity for the bottom half of the population.
It is only lately that Modi has been
talking of skill development and announced some vital measures to impart skill
training to the unemployed to enable them to make a living. The thinking
is that skill development is important not only to reap the benefits of India’s
demographic dividend but also to fuel inclusive growth. Recently the National
Skill Development Corporation (NSDC), under a public-private partnership, has
been tasked with imparting skills to 150 million people out of 500 million
overall by 2022.
The areas of skill development
include manufacturing linked to solar panels, waste management, auditing and
assessment, research and improvement of new technology and public transit
skills. Apart from these, manufacture of jewellery, sanitation materials,
low-cost electronic gadgets and the like should also be taken up for skill
development.
Only recently, the government
declared it would spend Rs 500 crores on skill development of the urban poor
under a scheme named ‘Deen Dayal
Antyodaya Yojana (DAY).’ It would focus on imparting skills with
expenditure of Rs 15,000 to Rs 18,000 on each and would help promote
self-employment by setting up individual micro and group enterprises. The
government would also extend interest subsidy for individual projects costing
Rs 2 lakhs and Rs 10 lakhs for group enterprises.
Meanwhile, the new ministry of skill
development and entrepreneurship, which came into operations with the formation
of the Government, would work for better coordination in evolving appropriate
skill development framework and building of new skills along with removal of
the disconnect between demand for supply of skilled manpower through vocational
as well as technical training.
The overhauling of the
Apprenticeship Act 1961 would help impart on-the-job training and help
thousands and lakhs of youth get employment or start new ventures. The
government has also approved programmes such as National Employability through
Apprenticeship Programme of the Gujarat
government and encouraged States to evolve and implement such schemes.
However, a lot more remains to be
done, the most important being to interact with industry – big, small and micro
and even the handloom sector – and draw up a list of skills where there is need
for manpower. The ‘Make in India’
campaign, should be kept in mind while drawing up the list as 25 sectors have
been identified where the country can surge ahead. Apart from this, vocational
training has to be made part of the school curriculum, skill programmes to be
taken up seriously by State governments and ensure these are subsidized. Last
but not the least is greater clarity on skill programmes under labour and other
ministries in various skilling initiatives that need to be adopted.
The challenge is to bring down the
level of unemployment and underemployment. Only proper skill training and
entrepreneurship development is the only alternative. Only sincerity and
political will of the Centre and the States can make this successful. If,
however, Modi can implement this, a new chapter would undoubtedly be opened in
solving a crucial socio-economic problem of the country.
Thus, there is a need to change the
outlook of our politicians and planners of not just concentrating on GDP growth
but also trying to bring about a symbiotic balance through growth that is achieved
through labour-intensive techniques, thereby caring for the population who have
no work and languish in poverty and squalor. India’s growth strategy in the
coming years would need a drastic reorientation aimed towards labour-intensive
sectors where entrepreneurship development could perform the dual task of
employment generation and self-employment.
The country’s rural sector offers
enormous possibilities and it is expected that there would be a national
dialogue with the private sector to evolve and implement an action plan where
the tasks of employment generation along with rural development, specially in
the backward regions, could be accomplished simultaneously. Only then can
the country achieve inclusive growth, benefitting the larger segment of
society. ---INFA
(Copyright,
India News and Feature Alliance)
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