Open Forum
New Delhi, 30 September 2014
Right to
Education
IS GANDHIAN IDEAL REALISED?
By Dhurjati
Mukherjee
The nation today observes Mahatma
Gandhi’s 150 birth anniversary with the launch of “Mission Swacch Bharat” in the hope of realising his dream of a clean India. However,
while all Ministries will kick start the cleanliness drive, one Ministry will
need to go a step beyond—to take forward Gandhi’s another vision of
universalization of education in all its aspects.
Undeniably, the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education
(RTE) Act, which
became operational way back in April 2010, has been a landmark achievement. But
sadly, the follow-up of this law has been rather tardy. Even after four years, the relevance of inclusive education,
particularly of disadvantaged groups, has not yet become a reality. Some 7
million-odd children between the ages of 6 and 14 are estimated to be still out
of school due to various factors like lack of teachers, poor quality of
teaching, lack of infrastructure in schools etc.
The RTE itself is indeed a
revolutionary step taken by the Government after years of wait. Mahatma Gandhi
had first talked of universalization of education way back in 1937. Today,
the Act, makes schooling in India
for all children between 6 and 14 years a Fundamental right. But there is criticism
of the RTE by a section of experts who feel that the Act should have included
children below 6 years and up to 18 years i.e. covering the entire gamut of
school education up to Class XII. This is no doubt justified and the Government
must give due cognizance to this argument and bring necessary amendments to the
Act.
In fact, there is much to learn from
Gandhiji’s concept of education. In an article in Harijan in 1937, he had observed: “Education of the intellect can
only come through a proper exercise of the bodily organs… the intelligent use
of the bodily organs in a child provides the best and quickest way of
developing his intellect”. Indeed, knowledge of mathematics, history, geography
and the sciences are no doubt necessary but they ought to be imparted “through
handicrafts, for example, by explaining the origin and manufacturing process of
the tools, the sources, supply and processing of raw materials, the amount of
goods produces etc.” He wanted the State to purchase the produce of the schools
and guarantee students employment in the craft that they have learnt in the
schools.
Gandhiji was aware that the country
lived in villages and accordingly he formulated his ideas on education with
great stress on the crafts. This becomes particularly relevant today because
most students do not go or do not have the capacity to go for higher education.
However, if they have some knowledge of the crafts, they could easily become
self-employed. There is thus a vital need to frame the curricula in such a way,
specially in the schools of rural and semi-urban areas, that there is
sufficient emphasis on the crafts.
When the country has been facing the
problem of unemployment and underemployment on a large scale, proper learning
and even specialization in the crafts – say in Class XI and XII like one does
today in computers -- could greatly help a large section of students to earn
their livelihood. It is necessary that the curriculum be framed in such a way
that there is ample scope for learning and eventual specialization in a craft
at school and this could start from Class V onwards or even earlier. This could
check the drop-out rate for studying which would then become linked to vocational
education.
Another vital aspect of Gandhiji’s
idea of education was the emphasis on spirituality. While he embodied the
principles of truth and non-violence in his political life, he similarly wanted
the students to lay the greatest emphasis on these aspects. The understanding
of our religious texts was to him necessary for students to develop a sense of
brotherhood and fraternity as also discipline which, in turn, would lead to
great cohesion and unity in society. This is very important today as most
schools either teach the Bible or the Koran or the Gita but there is rarely any
school which teaches religious understanding based on the different religious
texts.
The need for inculcating a sense of
spiritualism and understanding of non-violence is all the more necessary, when
materialism has pushed up our greed and demands while communal tendencies have
led to inter-religious violence. Moreover, alienation and deprivation has
instigated a section to resort to violence. These problems can only be resolved
if students right from schools onwards are imparted education on spiritual
lines and shown the right way to lead a righteous life.
According to the Mahatma, inequality
and centralization of power cannot lead to a truly non-violent society. Thus,
he wanted a mass moral upsurge to ensure such a society, the challenge of which
has to be taken by the young generation. Education must be tuned in such a way
that the young mind becomes aware of the need for transformation in society so
that all sections could live as good human beings.
However, imparting education is not
enough. There has to be proper content along with quality of teaching. There
have been many surveys that have indicated poor quality of teaching and the
lack of commitment of teachers. This needs to be changed and along with it, the
new curriculum should ensure that students find interest in what they are
taught. Proper education should ensure that young minds are motivated so that
the learning process becomes easier and faster.
The Gandhian educational thinking
has been totally wedded to Indian conditions and very much different from the
British system that we have practiced so far. This needs to be changed and
while incorporating modern trends and current developments, there is need to
understand the relevance and usefulness of the education imparted. Moreover,
education should not remain bookish but linked to employment needs, i.e.
vocational education must be part of the high school curriculum. A student from
a poor family in a backward area should get the benefit of learning and be able
to stand on his own feet after completing his high school education.
If the RTE mission is to succeed,
the public school system has to be increased further with quality teaching.
Apart from augmentation of infrastructure, there is need for identification of
real problems faced by schools in rural/backward areas and possible scope for
improvement. Simultaneously, there is need to put responsibility on voluntary
organizations at every block level to analyze the situation and send their
recommendations for improvements.
Thus, basic changes have to be
brought about in the content of teaching while also ensuring that teachers are
committed in their profession. This is easier said than done but sustained
efforts are needed in this direction. Then only will Gandhiji’s ideal of
education reaching the masses across the country will be fulfilled. Echoing the
Mahatma’s vision, the Kothari Commission observed long back that there is a
need for “a revolution which in turn will set in motion the much delayed
social, economic and cultural revolution”. The children are the future torch-bearers
of the country and if proper education does not reach them, social ills and
impoverishment will accelerate. There is need for another mission. ---INFA
(Copyright,
India News and Feature Alliance)
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