Events & Issues
New Delhi, 19 August 2013
Secularism or Good
Governance
GIVE VOTERS ISSUES
NOT RHETORIC
By Dr S Saraswathi
(Former Director,
ICSSR, New Delhi)
Election fever is rising unusually fast this time. Manmohan
Singh’s Vs Narendra Modi’s speech on Independence Day is a clear pointer to
aggressive canvassing. Is it a sign of democracy taking deeper roots, or
popular participation widening its scope, or growth of the power of political
power and influence, or the importance of issues on the electoral scene today –
one cannot answer.
One thing is certain-- the coming General election is
revealing more and more novelties, in the process displaying a ferocious bid to
capture power at the Centre – a “do or die” situation. In this political game,
which seems to engage the attention of more people - common voters - than ever
before, choosing election issues itself has become a contentious issue.
Political parties indulge in attacking their rivals over the issues they raise.
The Congress spokespersons miss no opportunity to assert
that their Party stands for secularism and more than that to paint the BJP as
communal in thoughts, words and deeds.
This, despite its steadfast alliance with some communal parties! The cry is louder ever since the rise of
Narendra Modi in the central stage as a force to reckon with. Obviously, the
strategy is aimed at capturing the support of minorities. The 2002 Gujarat riots have once again become an issue to attack
the BJP as a communal force.
On the other hand, the BJP harps on the “development” and “good
governance” depicting the UPA as a failure in both. Secularism is not an issue
to the BJP which looks upon the Congress model as pseudo-secularism. Recent
revelations of scam after scam provide rich raw material to denigrate the
ruling alliance especially its leaders and a fit context to promise good
governance. Raking up secularism as an election issue is ridiculed by it as a ruse
to divert public attention from UPA’s failures and an attempt to polarize the
electorate. As for “development”, the Congress speaks for inclusiveness and the
BJP emphasizes growth and financial stability.
Good governance is indispensable for development. Every citizen is entrusted with rights and responsibilities
and the judiciary is there to safeguard these. Governance faces a vigilant
media, ever ready to expose instances of mis-governance. Elected members take
an oath to uphold the Constitution and swear loyalty to the law and not to any
particular government, party, or leader. Despite these safeguards, good
governance is not assured. It has become a poll issue and the ruling coalition
has become the target of attack because of its present position as the ruler.
The World Bank defines “good governance” as “the manner in
which power is exercised in the management of the country’s economic and social
resources for development”. Its essence is described as “predictable, open, and
enlightened policy together with a bureaucracy imbued with a professional ethos
and an executive arm of government accountable for its actions”.
Good governance has three dimensions of equal importance –
political, economic, and administrative. It consists of many elements like
effectiveness, efficiency, speed, responsiveness, participation, and consensus
orientation. The four pillars of good governance are said to be accountability,
transparency, rule of law, and participation.
Secularism and good governance (which includes development)
are presently projected as the major national election issues. Of these,
secularism is a non-issue as India
is declared a secular democracy in the Preamble of the Constitution, while good
governance should be defined comprehensively and not allowed to decline as a
mere slogan.
More issues will definitely crop up as election campaigns
proceed in full swing. Not all of these will be national issues to be decided
in Parliament. Some may be regional and
even local because of the presence of number of regional parties in the fray
and some may emerge out of events and circumstances as they arise.
The role of issues in deciding the outcome of elections depends
much at the level of political education and background of candidates and
voters. Issue voting can take place under certain conditions only. First, the
voters must be aware of the existence of the issues that await popular support
through their representatives one way or other. Second, issues must be of some interest and
relevance to the voters. Thirdly, they must be aware of the stand of the
contesting parties/candidates on the existing and emerging issues. Basic to all, there is clear-cut opinion of
political parties on various issues presenting a choice between alternatives to
the voters.
Sadly, most voters are unaware of the stand of Parties and
candidates on various issues. Since personal data of the candidates like family
background, caste, religion, native place, economic status, and reputation in
society may be generally known, the tendency to vote on these still continue in
most instances. Parties also tend to exploit these factors in fielding candidates
and canvassing votes thereby keeping alive personal factors as the issue in
place of public policy.
A candidate’s opinion on a political issue – say the Nuclear
Deal, or the Lokpal - is not known or discussed. Parties too are not inclined
to present such specific issues. Therefore, they tend to repeat issues those
that are general in nature like “secularism” or “development” on which there
cannot really be different opinions or ideals. Only methods and programmes may
differ. When these are presented as issues, it is in the form of attacking one
another for lapses, failures and drawbacks in policy formulations or programme
implementation.
Issue-voting becomes somewhat irrelevant in the era of
coalition governments which is likely to continue for a long time as per indications.
No coalition Government at the Centre or in States is formed on a positive
ideological basis. Negative ideology like ousting the Congress from power has sometimes
worked. Even non-Congress-non-BJP Third Front solicits the support of one of
the national parties. However, it cannot be denied that negativism is also a
positive posture in many situations including voting.
Post-poll alliances, which are common, are formed for
forming governments and sharing Executive power and not for a united stand on
issues. Coalition dharma restricts the space of the leading partner. Drastic
differences on vital issues are expressed sometimes by regional partners, but
pushed under the carpet to save the life of the ruling coalition. In voting for
regional parties in parliamentary elections, there is no nationally important
issue-voting in most cases in the absence of a pre-poll alliance.
Ignorance about public issues requiring public policy
attracts voters to catchy slogans, which are mistaken as issues in political
analysis. Thus, slogans such as “garibi
hatao” and “India
shining” become the rallying point for canvassing votes. Contrast this with specific
issues which are of national importance such as implementation of Mandal
Commission recommendations and ending Internal Emergency which made an impact
on the voters in the past.
Indeed, Parties must come up with practical issues like
controlling inflation, providing internal security, fighting unemployment, and
enforcing the rule of law instead of presenting vague and generalized appeals. The voter too must demand the same. ---INFA
(Copyright,
India News and Feature Alliance)
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