Economic Highlights
Retail Roller-Coaster
IT’S BIG RIDERS Vs SMALL
By Shivaji Sarkar
In the midst of the ongoing political storm which has
thrown the Government into a tizzy, a moot question being asked is whether India would be
able to support the retail investors. There is no denying that the country
needs investment in all sectors, retail included. However, there is yet no clarity
on the nature of investment. The coming decade may see an intense conflict
between the big players and the small.
Industry is clearly in favour of all kinds of
investments pouring in as that will add to its profits. But the nation’s political
parties have different concerns—from the past to the present. Historically,
investment and trade, the BJP to the Left and now the Trinamool Congress aver,
have been the route for usurping political power and subjugating the country.
The retreat of Alexander of Macedonia in the fourth century BC saved India from
direct subjugation but within centuries many other foreign invaders were able to
capture political power. The only saving grace was they settled down in the
country and repatriation of profit through trade was minimal.
What rattles politicians, even in the ruling
Congress, is the experience of the British rule. They entered the country
through the trade route and were able to virtually destroy its economy,
indigenous technological strength and market practices. Almost all political
parties, including the Swadeshi Jagaran Manch and other indigenous groups go to
the extent of accusing British dominance for the heightened poverty that the nation
continues to suffer.
In such a scenario, having FDI in retail is
considered dangerous. Political parties promptly cite the instances of Pepsico
and Coca Cola. The two soft drink giants are alleged to have virtually
eliminated a score of indigenous companies through policies of acquisition,
mergers and threats. Even the proposed benefit to the farmers did not take shape.
In some cases, either due to excess production of tomato or potato, the prices
crashed leading farmers to penury. Likewise, the experience of Bt cotton
propagated by the multinationals has led the farmers to commit suicide.
Indeed, nobody guarantees that this is not going to
happen in the retail business. The BJP and Left leaders have unequivocally
stated that FDI in multi-brand retail would be disastrous for farmers as they
would be out of business eventually.
In India, the retail business
contributed around 11 per cent of GDP in 2005. Of this, the organized retail
sector accounts only for about 3 per cent share, and the remaining share is
contributed by the unorganized sector. The main challenge facing the organized
sector is the competition from the unorganized sector.
Retail is supposed to be a Rs-450 billion business.
It is presently spread across over 1.2 crore small businesses in the
unorganised sector. (Some other figures say it is 4 crore). An advantage of the
thriving small retail sector is low investment in infrastructure and a secured
network in the neighbourhood. The services--door-to-door-- provided for say even
Rs 10 worth goods create an affinity between the traders and the customers. Can any large retail shop
match this? Would it be remunerative?
According to an Assocham study, the retail market in India is estimated
at Rs.5,88,000 crore. Of this the unorganized market is worth Rs.5,83,000 crore
and the organized market Rs.5,000 crore. This is where the battle starts. As
long as the small sector is prepared to service and compete it would not be
easy for the large businesses to thrive. The obvious approach, political
leaders agreeing with the mom and pop-type retailers, would be to carve out
strategies to eliminate them. This can be done through under-pricing products
at the initial stages to “buying out” viable mid-sized establishments. This
would reduce competition and ultimately would act against the basic producers, the
farmers, as they would have to compromise on prices.
Partly this has been done by some Indian units of
some of the large multi-nationals, who have been in the business for the past
over 80 years in the country. They have created monopolies in many consumer
areas and have effectively blocked all competition. New retailers such as Walmart
are expected to follow suit. But Carrefour has a different tale to tell. It is so
far ahead in the wholesale segment that it claims to have been supplying even say
expensive mutton at one-third the price being sold in retail. And, this is the
threat.
However, there is the other side too. The new
investors say they have many problems to face right from infrastructure to
availability of space. Real estate development, ownership of private
transport, banking/credit are factors which come in the demand side. The real
estate story in India
is growing bigger by the day. Industry experts believe that real estate has a huge
demand potential in almost every sector -- especially commercial, residential
and retail. Organized retail is expected to create a demand for around 220
million square feet of space in the near future.
Another impediment is the location of these retail spaces. As cities are
getting clogged, new retail venues are being created in the outskirts. This requires
a transport system. However, ownership of private transport is still a big
issue particularly in small townships. Whether people would like to traverse
large distances to reach such stores is doubtful. On the other hand, creating
spaces in commercial places would have higher costs. Would the large retailer
be able to cushion it to keep prices low? Then again, credit facility too shall
play a major role as its availability is more liberalized but the rates of
interest are still not easy.
Likewise, as the market is likely to remain a
mix of the organized and unorganized players, it is obvious that there will be
competition from the unorganized and future stores. Pricing will be a crucial
variable due to its direct relationship with a firm’s goal and its interaction
with other retailing elements. The importance of pricing decisions is growing
because today’s customers are looking for good/best value when they buy
merchandise and services. Thus, price is the easiest and quickest variable to
change.
This apart, the scale of operations includes all
supply chain activities, which are carried out in the business. This too is one
of the challenges that the Indian retailers face as the cost of business
operations is very high in India.
Given that this sector has only recently emerged from its nascent phase,
sourcing the right talented people and training them will be another task. So
far, large retailers have not proved to be ideal employers for workers, who are
paid less and fired at random.
In sum, the coming decade shall be one of conflict
with new ventures trying to consolidate and the unorganised sector battling it
out with help from their political leaders. It shall be a roller-coaster
journey for both. And inflation, a target of economic consolidation, may only zoom
high. ---INFA
(Copyright,
India News and Feature Alliance)
New Delhi, 22 September 2012
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