SUNDAY READING
New Delhi, 16 June 2009
On
Afghan Drug Trail
INDIA A TRANSIT POINT
By Radhakrishna Rao
Not long back, the notorious and
poorly administrated ‘golden triangle’ at the tri-junction of Myanmar, Thailand
and Laos accounted for more than half of the high grade heroine consumed over a
large part of the world. The much-sought after heroin from the ‘golden
triangle’ used to reach the consumption points spread across the world through
a well-organized and highly mobile syndicate of ‘smugglers and couriers’.
India, on account of its proximity to South-East Asia was a major recipient of heroin from the
‘golden triangle’. In particular, an assortment of tribal separatist militants
active in North-Eastern India used to peddle the drug with a view to raise the
much-needed funds for buying arms and ammunition to sustain their separatist
movement. But, following the death of drug lord Khun Sha, who presided over the
narcotics trade from his forest hideout, the ‘golden triangle’ lost its
importance as a major heroin supplier to the world.
However, the declining fortunes of
the ‘golden triangle’ proved to be an advantage for the ‘Golden Crescent’ at the tri-junction of Pakistan, Afghanistan
and Iran.
The tightly knit tribal groups in this geographical stretch succeeded in
turning the ‘Golden Crescent’
as the numero uno heroin supplier of
the world.
Of course, Afghanistan
continues to be at the epicenter and mainstay of the ‘golden triangle’. The
propping up of the Taliban militia by the US’s
CIA to counter the Soviet defence forces in Afghanistan in the late 1970s was a
turning point in giving a push-up to the poppy cultivation in this puritanical
Muslim country. Wherein, the poor Afghan farmers preferred to extract heroin
from poppy plants compared to traditional crops like maize and cotton as it was
a lucrative revenue source for the Taliban forces to buy arms from the global
market.
The proximity of India to Pakistan
and the unhindered movement of Taliban forces across the loosely guarded and
porous Pak-Afghan border have helped turn India
--- considered a soft State by both the smugglers and terrorists ---- into a
transit point for smuggling of heroin from Afghanistan.
According to the Narcotics Control
Bureau, heroin from Afghanistan
is pushed into India through
the land route across Pakistan
and from here is dispatched to destinations like Colombo,
Kuala Lumpur and Shanghai. In recent years, South-East Asian
women form part of the global drug cartel and serve as couriers to carry drugs
from India
to various points across the world.
Not long back, China, which is a large and growing market for
heroin, used to get its supplies from North India.
However, this trend has changed on account of increased surveillance. Now
airports in South India are used to smuggle out Afghan-origin heroin to China. With a
kg of high quality heroin fetching a price of upto US$10 million in the global
market, traffickers are willing even to risk their lives.
Presently, Afghanistan
accounts for more than two-third of the illicit opium produced in the world.
According to an estimate by the UN, Taliban forces active in parts of Afghanistan and neighbouring Pakistan stand
to make a whopping US$100 million from the thriving drug trade. “Indeed, it is
the insurgents, the Taliban that are deriving enormous funding from this
business by imposing a 10% tax on production” stated the Executive Director of the UN Office on Drugs
and Crime.
In 2007, Afghanistan reaped a record poppy
production, an increase of 14% over the previous year grown on an area of
93,000-hectares. Incidentally, much of the poppy cultivation was reported from
areas under the control and influence of the Taliban forces. Thanks to the
vigorous eradication program supported by various international agencies, in
2008 the area under poppy cultivation in Afghanistan showed a slight
decline.
According to UN sources the areas
under the control of the Afghan Government forces are likely to remain free of
poppy cultivation. But what nudges the poor Afghan farmers to take to illegal
poppy cultivation is the opportunity it provides to improve their living
standards. As none of the legal crops, including maize and rice, can match the
income from poppy cultivation which is conservatively estimated at US$5,000 per
hectare.
Even as war-ravaged and
poverty-stricken Afghanistan
battles towards eradicating poppy cultivation in the country, a new disturbing
trend has become a part of the poppy farmers’ life. Those farmers, who fail to
clear their debt with the drug traffickers thanks to their poppy cultivation
being destroyed by Government officials , have to hand over their teenage
daughters to their debtors in settlement of the loan.
An in-depth and distressing story carried by the Newsweek
magazine sometime back had quoted Afghan villagers as saying that
the “number of loan brides” in the country was on the increase with the
anti-poppy eradication drive gathering momentum. Incidentally, this
“uncivilized practice” has roots in the tribal system of dowry. A bridegroom’s
family normally pays to the bride’s family as part of the prevailing tradition.
Yet another disturbing dimension of Afghanistan’s
narcotics business is the revelation in the Russian media that the US-led NATO
forces have contributed to the spectacular growth of opium production in the
country. According to Russians reports, both the US
and NATO have stone-walled numerous
offers of cooperation from the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the
Moscow-led Collective Security Treaty Organisation(CSTO) for addressing Afghanistan’s
opium problem.
Another article carried in the
Russian newspaper Vremya Novostei claimed that the US-backed Afghan Government
led by Hamid Karzai is hand-in-glove with the drug barons of the country.
According to Russian diplomatic sources military transport aircrafts operated
by NATO forces in Afghanistan
are routinely used to transport heroin out of the country. But whether
this allegation is true or false, no
one is sure.
On their part Russian academicians
point out that poppy cultivation is the backbone and mainstay of the Afghan
economy and accounts for a turnover of US$10 billion a year. Significantly,
Russian commentators assert that Afghan heroin has hit Russia like a
tsunami with a potential to tear asunder it social fabric. ---- INFA
(Copyright,
India News and Feature Alliance)
|